Lesbian relationships Essay Example

Lesbian relationships Essay Discuss research into understudied relationships, such as gay and lesbian relationships, and mediated (e.g. Internet and txt) relationships  One type of understudied relationship is homosexual relationships. These have been found to be different to heterosexual relationships in certain ways but similar in others by a variety of different research. They may differ in terms of attraction formation, maintenance, or dissolution. As far as attraction is concerned, Davidson found that gay men were likely to look for similar characteristics to those of heterosexual men, and were likely to portray similar characteristics about themselves, such as physical attractiveness and status. Huston Schwartz found that lesbians were in a similar fashion likely to look for characteristics such as a good personality in the partner, both of which are characteristic of male and female attraction according to the sociobiological theory. It may therefore be that attraction in homosexual relationships is very similar to that of heterosexual relationships. Such attraction may lead to the formation of a relationship. This is likely to differ, as with heterosexual relationships the needs of a man and a woman are likely to be different, whereas if two people of the same gender form a relationship, the needs are likely to be similar. This may lead to problems in initiating activity, or may cause competition, a viewpoint supported by Kitzunger Coyle, who found that in the formation of lesbian relationships, it was necessary for one partner to be more assertive than the other in order for dates, intimacy, etc., to be initiated. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesbian relationships specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lesbian relationships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lesbian relationships specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The maintenance of homosexual relationships may differ to some extent to that of heterosexual relationships for similar reasons. Whereas traditionally in heterosexual relationships the man and woman differ in terms of rewards seeked and efforts needed to be put in, in homosexual relationships these may be more similar. Indeed, Huston Schwartz found that cohabiting homosexual men had more sex on average than any other type of cohabiting couple, whereas lesbians had the least. This is reflected by the sociobiological theorys depiction of men as spreading their seed and women as tending and befriending others. As a result, maintenance strategies may differ from homosexual relationships. Huston Schwartz found that in gay male relationships, confrontational conversation was used as a means of sparring for a higher status, whereas in lesbian couples it was avoided as it would pose a risk to intimacy and cooperation. This is however contested by Kollock et al., who found that the more assertive partner in a lesbian relationship would often use aggressive conversational tactics such as interruption. Homosexual and heterosexual couples may also differ in terms of breakdown. An example of this is the finding by Becker that lesbian relationships often break down when one partner falls in love with another woman, and that the breakup is initiated by that partner. However, another study found that infidelity in homosexual relationships does not necessarily cause disagreement between the partners. The above research accentuates the differences between homosexual and heterosexual relationships, but it is much more likely that they are more similar than different. Silverstein argues that this difference arises because homosexual samples are usually derived from gay bars and gay neighbuorhoods, which are characterised by temporary and casual, often sexual, relationships. It is likely that the results therefore paint a negative image of homosexual relationships, and that the sample and findings are unrepresentative of the general homosexual population. Computer-mediated (CM) relationships are another understudied type of relationship. This relatively recent phenomenon may have occurred as a result of the increased popularity of the internet, and is when relationships form or are maintained without the necessity of geographical proximity. According to Hellerstein, heavy users of e-mail were likely to form more relationships online, many of which then continued offline, whereas light users of email formed relationships in other ways. Chenault argues that such relationships may be successful because we seek to read between the lines of text-based speech; that is, small differences such as punctuation, capitalisation and the use of smileys are likely to greatly affect the interpretation of the text. Therefore, we may derive as much socially from CM conversation as from face-to-face covnersation. This argument is supported by Walther, who founded that participants reported perceiving slow replies to email as being more intimate than quick responses. This indicates a degree of reading between the lines. However, other researchers have argued that CM relationships cause a social vacuum which cannot satisfy a persons needs with regard to what can be derived from a relationship. They argue that the deindividuation that occurs by means of CM relationships makes it impossible to know the true personality of the other person in the relationship. However, Young argues that this deindividuation is beneficial for those who have low self-esteem or are too shy to initiate a relationship face-to-face, and may allow them to express their feelings in a more secure way before continuing the relationship.

Humanity Essays

Globalisation and its effect on Individuals/Humanity Essays Globalisation and its effect on Individuals/Humanity Essay Globalisation and its effect on Individuals/Humanity Essay Globalization is good for individuals but bad for humanity. While Globalization may have many beneficial traits that have improved economical, social and political aspects of life here on Earth, I believe it still remains a detrimental operating method when applied to humanity as a whole. Globalization itself is rife with International exploitation and promotes unfair practice In many ways. The term globalization refers to a modern phenomenon based on the connection of nations, cultures or businesses, often through economic activity (Archibald lamination 2002). Specifically it refers to these groups becoming interdependent with one another on a global scale and therefore having more of a potential impact when decisions or actions are carried out (Crane Matter 2007). Much can be said to refute or support the statement that globalization Is bad for humanity and beneficial to Individuals but a lot of the ethical theories concerning this topic do seem to support the claim. It is important to acknowledge that humanity can suffer through the impact of globalization because if we dont things will become worse for the lane as a whole and leave only certain individuals to benefit. It is well known that globalization Is the cause of many ethical problems for the manager of the multinational corporation (Velasquez 2000, p. 343). The way that they choose to react to this potential for Injustice seems to be largely dependent on the ethical principles that can be applied to the situation. Ethical relativism is one theory that has perhaps been a contributor to the failings of globalization in the business world and the multinational managers implementing this theory arent even fully expansible as this contemporary approach is one that has been approved since the early sasss (Velasquez 2000). Ethical relativism asks that to consider whether something Is right or wrong one simply needs to apply the cultural norms of the society that the situation Is taking place. However having no universally acceptable moral standards has meant that when managers try to deal with internal problems involving workers from different cultural backgrounds, relativist theory wants them to simply apply the norms of the local culture. Velasquez (2000) asks us to consider how American and Muslim cultures approach sexual discrimination differently to one another. If the people of these cultures were to find themselves in the same work environment and an issue such as this had to be dealt with it would be considerably difficult to do so using ethical relativism. In terms of globalization this would mean that while the business itself might not suffer the relations of the people in the work place and indeed of those two cultures would not be able to achieve any sort of mutual understanding and progress forward together. More disadvantaged nations. A point often but forward is the noticeable expansion libations offers to the western world. Multinational corporations move into countries where there are no labor unions or where the business is largely privatized and then make economic decisions based on their own interests. This is the case in many capitalist economies where globalization exists. The Mars theory of surplus value as discussed by Parker and Pearson (2005) emphasizes this by pointing out when a capitalist makes a profit, they are essentially stealing value which is produced by labor. It is quite simple to realize that whilst libations like this does create Jobs, it also takes away the potential for local production of goods to be made by workers at a fair price. This can create animosity and resentment between people who lose their Job because their company decides to manufacture its product offshore and the workers who then take on these Jobs for a fraction of the former employees wages. It also encourages unhealthy competition for factories and manufacturers to decrease their wages or costs in order to poach a multinational corporations business (Shaw, Barry and Sandburs 2009). Within this type of society there is no ensue of co-operation or togetherness, it is merely every man for themselves and that is a scenario that does not stand to benefit humanity in the short or long term. The more sinister side of globalization is evident when examining multinational corporations treatment of workers in various countries, particularly developing nations. Violations of basic human rights seem to be ignored as economic importance and political power takes precedence in a lot of cases. Sneaker and apparel corporation Nikkei are a perfect example of how humanity has suffered at the hand of libations. Below-average wages and poor working conditions plagued their Indonesian manufacturing plants, while child labor crimes were uncovered in their factories in Pakistan (Locke 2002). The theory of Kantian ethics directly disagrees with this sort of behavior as Kant argues that cutting costs to maximize profits through cheap labor is not a moral or ethical way for a company to act (Baron 1987). As discussed by Crane Matter (2007) the non-consequentiality theory known as Ethics of Duties, developed predominantly by Emmanuel Kant, raises the argument hat human beings use ration to make their decisions and therefore can be considered moral beings who know the difference between right and wrong. Kant subsequently developed a framework called the Categorical Imperative, made up of three different conditions by which every moral issue could be tested. The first condition is based on the theory that an action should reflect everyones principle beliefs (Crane Matter 2007). Nines treatment of workers in the earlier examples would certainly not be consistent with the beliefs of many human beings and Hereford supports the claim that globalization in this case seems to only benefit the individual. It is imperative that this sort of immoral behavior be eradicated from everyone. Focusing our attention on the effects of globalization that arent related to the economy still produces some negative drawbacks. Multinational corporations have been under attack for some time over their lack of accountability in regards to environmental destruction. Rather than working together democratically to reach decisions on what is best for the planet big business seems to be able to manipulate ales and regulations in order to suit their own needs. Bannered (2008) raises the instance of the 1992 environmental summit at ROI, in which non-government organizations demands were ignored to usher in a code of conduct that was developed by a council made up of multinational corporations. Humanity will only see more detriment if these corporations have nothing to answer to when they are killing the planet. Globalization is also a major cause of the erosion of indigenous communities around the world, particularly those who live in areas that have a high resource-value Blench 2001). The case of the Kabuki uranium mine development that was approved by the Australian government is Just one example of globalization moving in to a world heritage listed area in order to create economic profit. The mine would sit in a location rightfully owned by the Aboriginal people, many of who had openly objected to the project. Their objections were largely ignored due to the nature of the project and also the parties involved who stood to benefit greatly (Bannered 2000). The fear that continued globalization could cause the eradication of regional diversity ND therefore kill off native cultures to make way for more western traditions to be implemented is very real. If the trend keeps going towards this homogeneous way of life then this would be detrimental for humanity from a historical point of view. We would lose a lot of unique aspects of various cultures and natural parts of the world purely to make manufacturing and economic profitability simpler (Assailants Cope 2006). Unfairly forcing people to change their views and beliefs Just to make it that little bit easier for profit mongers to make a dollar is not an appropriate way for unanimity to act. Although globalization was never created in order to level the playing field between the rich and the poor nations, it doesnt seem to be doing enough to combat the problems caused by the economic greed that is inherit in its system. Globalization brings with it the risk that economical figures will be more focused on than the real world problems that are attached. If some of these multinational corporations were to collapse then the effect would ripple through many different countries, some of which would struggle to find their way back as well as others due to their economic taxation. The creation of globalization has in-turn created centers of power that dont have humanities best interests at heart.

Special education needs in Warnock Report Essay

Special education needs in Warnock Report - Essay Example Mostly the government’s rules and regulations are designed according to the physical environment and the physical activities of human beings. The same applies in the education system too; as the policies on education are objected to meet the physical and cultural requirements of the children. Resultantly, such objectives are certain to create a huge gap between the psychological requirements of children and the ongoing education practices. Normally, children are emotional in their nature due to the need of dependency; as a result they are more comfortable with emotional attachment. Their nature, personality and the learning ability is structured depending upon the emotional love and affection they entertain in their day to day life. Apparently, the learning ability varies in every child due to the variations in the environment they are grown up. Therefore, the equal standard education plan may be applicable to a mass of student but not to those who are having disability in lea rning skill. Warnock report came up in the United Kingdom as a revolution in education, advocating for the need of special education system for the children with learning disabilities. The report was against the education system for treating child education with an objective approach. The report talks against the deliberative formalities in teaching styles. The report laid foundations for the introduction of statements of special educational need in England and Wales in 1980 and the statement process has been considered as one of the most major changes in education system of the United Kingdom. 1944 act on education system had been designed to provide education to the children on the basis of age, aptitude and ability. Disabled Children were segregated in eleven several categories of handicap. That included educationally subnormal, and delicate as well as blind. However, the then general viewpoint of the education system was that the child should fit the school rather than the schoo l fit the child (Warnock, 1978). In the year 1974, Warnock Committee chaired by Mary Warnock, was formed to design a new system of education; the committee came up with Warnock Report in 1978, which was objected to look at the needs of children requiring special education. The report concluded that there are 20% children who require special educational need but 2% among them need the special support and the remaining 18% of student can be given care with mainstream school’s facilities. Finally the report recommended that there should be dedicated provision for children with SEN which would be able to protect the 2% and ensure that they are not deprived of the provision (Warnock, 1979). This Report brought another educational reform in action that was Education Act 1981, which added the responsibility to the local education authorities to subjectively recognize and assess pupils with SEN and decide the suitable provision to apply on them. The 1981 Act, afterward successfully s urpassed by Education act 1993 and 1996, which bound the state to announce a code of practice on special education need ordering all the local education authority to go as per the SEN provision and made it an obligatory responsibility for all concerned bodies including the school administration to give special care to the children with special education need. The education act of 1981 also allowed the parents of the SEN children to make an appeal to the LEA and to the state government in

Women as transformational leaders Research Paper

Women as transformational leaders - Research Paper Example An effective leader demonstrates a passion for work and puts all the efforts by dedicating extra time to it. The person I genuinely admire as a leader is the managing director of the state’s health institution since exceptional changes have been observed. The institution was previously crowded; patients were never attended to, and the place was unhygienic. It had insufficient modern facilities as most machines were passed with technology, despite being the major referral hospital in the state. She has now transformed the place remarkably it is now clean, patients’ attendance has really improved, and the workers are treated better. The factor that encourages her is the stamina in which she took his work, and despite the frequent challenges, she has tried her best to beat the odds and is still working for greater goals. Her relation to his juniors is so amazing and, she is determined when it comes to his work, she has put everything he has to see a better health center improve. Leadership development practices have many benefits. They help leaders gain more experience. When leaders undergo development practices, they gain a sense of duty, and this helps improves their performance. The practices also helps leaders have increased loyalty from the virtues they acquire, and this increases the productivity on the organization. It also helps a leader discover what he or she is good at and work on it to raise the standards of an organization. Women are not known much in the leadership circles since it is considered meant for men. Development practices help them succeed in various ways. They help women gain a sense of self-confidence. This helps them put down most of their burdens, which are more than men’s. An example is the fact that women tend to experience emotional difficulties more often and intensely than men do. The practices encourage

Baroque Opera Development and Cultural Values Essay Example for Free

Baroque Opera Development and Cultural Values Essay â€Å"Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or â€Å"oddly shaped pearl,† the term â€Å"baroque† has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750† http://www. baroque. org. Following the Renaissance, the baroque period was known for its expressivity of boldness, extravagance, overall balance, and use of heavy use of ornamentation. These features can be seen in everything from the clothing styles, to the architecture, and in particular the arts. The baroque period is generally divided into 2 timeframes, the early baroque period (1600-1680) and the late baroque period (1680-1750). In terms of music, the early baroque period notes a new interest in the use of monody. Monody is the use of one voice or instrument, typically accompanied by basso continuo. The Renaissance period is known for its use of polyphony. In the late baroque period, concerto grosso became the more popular style written. Concerto grosso shows two groups of instruments or voices in contrast to each other singing or playing lines back and forth, thus introducing the first melody and harmony performances. The key instrumental form of the late Baroque period was the concerto grosso, which reflected the contrast between two groups of instruments. The two groups either alternated with one another or play together. A majority of the baroque music composed was for the church, royalty, and the social elite. This may have clouded the composer’s true vision for their music, as their works were dictated by the payer’s taste. â€Å"The greatest legacy by the late Baroque period was the creation of operas and oratorios, considered greatest and most magnificent is Handels Messiah, and J. S. Bachs St Matthew Passion† http://www. usicedmagic. com. An opera is a story that is performed by singing. The plot is expressed by speech-like songs called recitatives and arias which are more indicative of the mood or feeling at that particular moment in the performance. â€Å"The first surviving opera was Jacopo Peri’s Dafne, based on a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini and performe d in Florence in 1598; the earliest opera still performed today is Claudio Monteverdi’s Orfeo (1607). The subjects of the first operas are all taken from Greek myth, reflecting the genre’s close alliances with attempts to recreate the music and drama of ancient cultures, nd were performed solely in aristocratic circles for invited guests† http://www. baroque. org. In the 1630s the first opera houses were opened in Venice, Italy. The audience dictated what the performers would sing and how it was performed. The crowds typically liked the arias, so that is what was primarily performed during that time. This led to a decline in dances and choruses in Italian opera. By the early 1700s, two styles became prevalent, operas with a serious tone (da capo aria) and operas with a comedic tone (opera buffa). As the baroque period and its operas progressed, the styles became more dramatic. This led to the changes and popularity of the oratorios and the cantatas. Oratorios began as small religious-based operas and ended up being huge productions mixed with non-religious texts. The cantatas began as very small secular operas performed as duets, trios, and quartets. They were performed by amateurs and professionals. As time went on, they became incorporating orchestral accompaniments and primarily performed by professionals. â€Å"Essays in classical oratory by Quintillian and Cicero provided a model for Baroque actors, as did posture and gestures taken from both classical and contemporary paintings and sculpture. Rhetorical gesture was designed to accompany individual words of text, rather than to display the pervading emotions† http://www. operaatelier. com. Baroque operas were difficult to perform due to the density of the text to be performed. To effectively convey the emotion to the audience the performers had to vividly perform to evoke emotion from the audience while maintaining the structure of the baroque style. This proves a challenge even for today’s performers. The singing style was heavily ornamented and exaggerated by the use of vibratos, dynamic changes of volume, and many other techniques. Not only was the introduction of the opera a demarcation of the baroque, but the instrumental solos and orchestral pieces as well. Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were great composers of instrumental masterpieces. Handle’s music for the royal fireworks is a great example of the baroque style orchestra. The instruments are played with staccato (short â€Å"poppy† style with a hint of separation between notes), lots of variation of volume, trills, etc. These all are methods used by the musicians to ornament the song. There were also layers of different instruments at varying times, and a contraposto style expressed between the different sections of the orchestra. It’s almost as the different sections are talking back and forth to one another. Another great example of a baroque masterpiece is Bach’s Toccata Fugue in D minor. This was written for the pipe organ by Bach, but there is no surviving copy in Bach’s own handwriting. Several masters have rewritten the work and that is how it survives today. The piece begins with a few short notes followed by a single long note. The sounds are soon followed by the accompaniment of long deep bass tones. Throughout the song there are arguments and accompaniments between the harmony and melody of the deep rumbling bass and the high shrills produced by the pipe organ. At times the song is soft and beautiful, other times the song is strong and loud, displaying aggressive dissonance. This truly is a magnificent piece displaying all of the classic signs of the late baroque evoking emotion from all listeners. The song is still very popular and used in many ads and movies today. As listeners’ tastes grew and changed, so did the style of music. Audiences began to prefer a new melodic expression of clean musical architecture which is quite different from the heavily ornamented and opulent baroque style. This new preference ushered in the new classical style and the age of Hyden and Mozart. â€Å"Although the baroque period ended over 250 years ago, vestiges of the era can be heard everywhere. Some of the most influential and beloved compositions are regularly performed in concert halls, and a wealth of recordings make the baroque available on demand. Many of the musical genres still in use today, like the oratorio, concerto and opera, originated in the period. Twentieth century composers such as Ralph Vaughn Williams, Igor Stravinsky and Benjamin Britten paid homage to the baroque in their works. Its influence can even be heard outside the realm of art music: the free movement between solo and group in jazz is sometimes compared to baroque music, and snippets of Bach and Vivaldi frequently appear in the solos of heavy metal guitarists. And the spirit of the baroque—an unwavering belief in the power of music to touch people’s lives—changed music history forever† http://www. baroque. org.

Graduation Speech: Become People With Passion -- Graduation Speech, Co

Christmas Eve in Princeton, N.J, usually fulfills the picture-postcard promise of Christmas. And it was so, on that one particular Christmas Eve long ago. A light snowfall kissed the quaint Princeton houses, and door-to-door carol singers made their way to one particular door. The violinist's home. "O little town of Bethlehem," the boys sang, "how still we see thee lie..." In moments the door opened, and the gentle violinist stood in the doorway to greet the carolers. "Above thy deep and dreamless sleep, the silent stars go by..." The musician turned away, turned back into the house. Shortly he returned with his violin! The great man, the gentle old musician, accompanied the midnight carolers on his beloved instrument through each verse of the age-old hymn. Then, without a word, the young people turned away silently, and the old man slowly closed the door. And if this true story, if it is made more wonderful, it is not because a seasoned violin was brought out of retirement for one l ast spontaneous recital, but because the violinist himself has the best reason of all not to celebrate that snowy Christmas scene. The great genius was a Jew, and so revered was he that the very presidency of Israel once could have been his. But here is the rest of the story. Musicians will tell you, every great genius has his idol. This violinist's idol was Mozart. Once, a friend asked the violinist to comment on modern times. When the musician was a boy, wars were fought with rifles and cannons. Now the entire world might be devastated. What did that mean to the old man? The violinist hesitated, sat back thoughtfully in his chair. "It would mean," he said at last, "that people would no longer hear Mozart." For him, this most deeply conveyed the end o... ...lace for an answer. But, fellow graduates, you are here now, and I want to tell you that you do not have to live with the hopeless view that comes from this story. The one thing that Einstein was lacking was a relationship with the God I serve, who is Jesus Christ my Savior. If this genius would have allowed Him to answer his deepest question, he would have experienced a hope that would know no ends. Graduates, classmates, friends, the same hope that Einstein lacked is open for you to have. It is a choice you must make, to receive it or not, but I would be a selfish, inconsiderate person if I didn't share with you the hope that I have at the last opportunity that I will ever have to speak to each and every one of you. Class of 2012, I pray that you will become people with passion - passion for pursuing your dreams, and passion for the One who can give you hope.

A Report on Customer Care Improvement By Robert L Fousler

Following the article in the Standard Newspaper dated 8/07/1998 on â€Å"Customer Care Improvement by Robert L Fousler (MD) Consultant s for Effective Training, I am in total agreement with him concerning the points that he has put forth concerning Customer Care within business organizations. Customer Care is an important point in management and should be carried out by any manager within any business organization irrespective of what departments he is directly of indirectly in charge of. It is important to note that a business or organization cannot effectively attract customersclients if it cannot deal with its internal clients. In any business/organization, internal clients are the employees within the organization. Mr. Fousler mentions that in Kenya, many industries in the market and developing from a â€Å"Sellers† market into a â€Å"Buyers† market. This means that the only difference between one Seller and another will be in the quality of the service rendered to them. In addition to this, the expectations and demands of clients have been increasing and have been rapidly dynamic over the past five years and in order for you to please, and indeed, maintain a client then the services rendered to them should be adequate and ready to fulfill their needs. Most service industries, if not all, are all client/customer oriented and they depend on the client to pay for their services that are intangible. With this in mind, it is in their best interest to ensure that the services they offer are useful to the client and that the Customer Support is highly advanced and effectively operational. In reference to this, it is important for organizations, particularly those in the service industry, to realize that their future success is dependant on managers viewing their staff as the most important assets they have and that everything depends on how they work as a team. He goes on to mention that Customer Care skills should not only be offered to staff in service-oriented organizations but to all organizations in general. If people can serve one another and each department serving the other, then the Customer Service skills will be extended to the â€Å"External† customer. He also highlights the importance of Customer Care in any organization and says that it is not wise to train only certain sections in the organization since everything everyone does in the organization has an impact on the client in one way or the other. Therefore, everyone must be included in Customer Care oriented seminars because they create awareness in staff of the importance of gaining such skills. After the training has been undertaken, then the most important task is to implement it. This includes maintaining a high level of outgoing commitment and insists that this can only be done by each department having â€Å"Ownership† of the process, so that Customer Care is supported by committed individuals and teams rather than just by management. He says that one way of promoting the training is to have an incentive to bolster the training that has been carried out. An example would be to give gifts or rewards to those who improve the most in the service they give to both internal and external customers. Under Evaluation, he says that it is not easy to quantify but one good approach would be to do a â€Å"Before† and â€Å"After† survey of the complaints received from External customers.